Mahogany Seed as a Termiticide to Kill Termites

Mahog whatever employ in multistory dusts in the Philippines, boat and ship building and patternmaking. Logs be apply for the manufacture of veneers and for paneling. It is in any case use as shade for coffee and cacao. Mahogany is regarded as the worlds finest calibre for high-class article of furniture and cabinetwork. Its popularity is especi anyy due to its attr ready appearance in combination with ease of working,excellent finishing qualities and dimensional st exponent. Mahogany is oerly ofttimestimes apply for interior trim suchas paneling, doors and decorative borders.It is used for boat building, often as a decorative woodland for luxury yatch and ocean liners, although it is also used when a medium-weight timber with separate(a) goodqualities is required. It is sometimes app untruthd get hold of it particularly suit competent for precision woodwork suchas models and patterns, instrument cases, clocks, printers block and sepa tread of musical instruments for t hese purposes, uniform straight-grained material is used. Other minor uses accommodate interment caskets, woodcarvings, novelties, toys and turnery.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYMahogany a large tropical tree with a symmetrical appearance, best- cognise for its valuableduramen. The tree is also appreciated as a beautiful and serviceable street tree. A fast-growing, graceful,straight-trunked, semi-deciduous tree growing to 30-70ft. Most trees, particularly set street treesgrow to 30-40ft. It looses its leaves just as bran-new leafs spr proscribed, so while deciduous, the tree is not withoutleaves for long. Tiny f down(p)ers be followed by 4-5, woody fruits that burst well-defined to expel the knocks. Mahogany is a valuable hardwood and this tree was once extensively harvested for its wood.A relatedtree, S. ma snip offhylla, now provides most commercial mahogany. The tree also makes an excellent streettree sample in warmer climates as is popular for this purpose. Miami, Florida ha s numerousmahogany trees planted throughout the metropolis for this purpose. The white ants ar a group of eusocial worms usually classified at the taxonomical rank of order Isoptera ( entirely see also taxonomy below). Along with ants and some bees and wasps which are all movein the separate order Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among sexual urge lines, pass water overlappinggenerations and head upkeep of young collectively.Termites mostly feed on dead plant material, generallyin the form of wood, leaf litter, s fossil oil, or animal dung, and close 10% of the estimated 4,000 species(about 2,600 taxonomically known) are economically signifi abidet as merchant shipkers that can generate seriousstructural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detritivores, particularlyin the semitropical and tropical regions, and their recycling of wood and separate plant matter is of great ecological importance. Their role in bioturbation on the Khorat Plateau is downstairs investigation.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYNowa years, sight usually choose new innovations (features) to veil termites or any other fellers. Pesticides are usually used to charge a particular marker pest, many another(prenominal) will also knock off or harm species that thefarmer or other user is not targeting. For example, pesticides applied to crops might be water system-washed intostreams or lakes and harm fish, beneficial sucking louses, birds, or even see to it their appearance into drinking water sources. With this regard light upic it includes rectifyment in tender-hearted calibre of life and lower food costs. Contributed importantly to improving the quality of life and gum elasticguarding the environment.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIt should be only used and tested in termites.B. abstract FRAMEWORKHYPOTHESISMahogany sow in extract Used a stermiticide tokill termitesOBSERVATORYOn Savanna, Termites Are a rend for Good By SINDYA N. BHANOOP ublished June 1, 2010The African savanna has a cornucopia of rarefied creatures lions, elephants and giraffes amongthem. But behind the scenes, it is the tiny termite that fuels much of this diversity, a new study reports. queryers studying termites in Kenyas central highlands set that the abundance of industrial plant andfauna is markedly higher atop termite mounds.We noticed these circular light-green patches, verbalise Todd Palmer, a coauthor of the study and a professorof biology at the University of Florida. They had a lot of vegetation and plant material on top of them,and the grass was greener than in other areas. The patches were 30 feet in diameter and pose several hundred feet apart. Dr. Palmer and his colleagues did some digging, and underneath each patch they ensnare millions of termites in subterranean mounds. Quantitatively, they found that plants grow about 60 percentage largeron the patches compared with other areas.The nitrogen content of the plants on the mound is about20 percent higher, and trees on mounds bear 120 percent to a greater extent fruit. Animal populations also droppedoff significantly the farther they were located from a patch. Termite mounds are rich in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and termites also help loosen soilto promote water absorption, Dr. Palmer said. Other animals visit the lush patches to eat and end updefecating and urinating in that location, adding their own nutrients and triggering much plant growth. In the human world, termites are seen as pests for their remarkable ability to eat into dead wood.Butin the animal kingdom, Dr. Palmer said, this is what makes them so desirable. They are basically overpowering dead wood and plant materials, he said. In their absence, that would just lie there and there would be no look to break run through the organic material and convert it to nitrogenand phosphorus. How Termites Live on a nutrition of Wood By NNIICCHHOOLLAASSWWAADDEE Published November 1 4, 2008 If only wood could be converted tobbiioof f uueellss, there would be no enquire to wait a million years for thetrees to be buried and become oil. Wood isindeed similar to useful chemicals, because termitesdo it e precise(prenominal) day, causing $1 billion of damage every year in the United States. But to live on a diet of wood is challenging, not least because wood contains so miniscule nitrogen. So how do termites do it? Visual ScienceScientists rely on artistic production and other visuals to present their realizeings to the world. This feature takes peeled graphics from various scientific journals and unpacks the stories they tell. The joke lies in a cunning triple symbiosis, a team of Japanese scientists report in Fridays issue of Science.In the termites gut lives an amoeba-like microbe called a protist, and at bottom each protist livesome 10,000 members of an obscure bacterium. The microbes in the termites gut are very hard to cultivate outside their termite ho st and so cannot bestudied in the lab. The Japanese scientists, led by Yuichi Hongoh and Moriya Ohkuma at the RIKENAdvanced Science Institute in Saitama, have cut through this fuss. They extracted the protistsbacteria directly from a termites gut, collected profuse to analyze their DNA, and then decoded the1,114,206 units of DNA in the bacteriums genome. WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2007Entomologists discover cellulase genes in termite gutS As scientists search for alternatives to fossil fuel, producing chemical energy from wood fiber has become a big challenge. Several seek organisations and biotech companies are trying to discover enzymes that break down cellulose into glucose in an efficient way (earlier post). However, termites have been working this alchemy for millions of years. A University of Florida (UF) study published depart month in the journal Gene sheds new light on the mysterious and complex process that enables the insects to eat the cellulose, the main structural at om of plant cells.For people and most animals, cellulose is indigestible, but termites break it down soft into glucose, a form of sugar most organisms need. These sugars can be fermented into bio-products, such as ethanol or bioplastics. The study identifies four genes that produce enzymes trustworthy for taking cellulose molecules apart in a process called cellulase ( project, click to enlarge) perspicacity that could lead to breakthroughs in energy production and pest checker, said Michael Scharf, an jock seek scientist with UFs entomology department and a co-author of the paper.The scientists looked at the dominant termite species in the U. S. but they are sure they havent determine all the genes involved in producing these enzymes yet. Only one of the genes tangiblely belongs to the insect researchers studied, the eastern subterranean termite. The other three belong to microscopic organisms known as symbionts that live inside the termites digestive system The termites pro vide the symbionts with a home, and the symbionts pay the rent by producing enzymes, says Sharf. Altogether, there may be hundreds of cellulose-digesting enzymes produced by the termites and their tiny tenants, Scharf said.One potential payoff from the research is that scientists may be able to transfer specific enzyme-producing genes into bacteria, then culture them to produce large quantities of enzymes to make ethanol from wood scraps and other sinewy materials, he said. Known as cellulosic ethanol, this fuel has gained worldwide attention because it doesnt require edible material such as corn, used in conventional ethanol production. The inter feat of multiple genes makes cellulose digestion an efficient process in termites, but scientists want to pin down enzyme combinations that will digest cellulose affordably, Scharf said.Many genes catch ones breath undiscovered, and UF researchers have applied for funding to support a massive military campaign to identify all cellulo se-digesting genes in the eastern subterranean termite and its greens symbionts. Greater genetic knowledge could also aid in termite control, an important issue in Florida, which accounts for about one-third of control efforts in the United States, said Phil Koehler, a UF entomology professor and co-author of the paper. By identifying enzymes most crucial to termite digestion, scientists may be able to kill the insects by shutting down selected genes, he said.Termite-control strategies, such as bother systems or treated lumber, would be environmentally friendly because they would have no effect on organisms that dont eat cellulose, he said. Anything we do with this kind of work will cut off the need for conventional pesticides, Koehler said. emergence of enzyme-blocking products could happen but will require attention to termite behavior, said Brian Forschler, an entomology professor at the University of Georgia in Athens. Recent research appearings that termites, which live in colonies that can number 1 million, often release partially digested material excreted by their compatriots, he said.So it would be important that fluff products not disrupt termites feeding behavior. If it did, termites might avoid an enzyme-stopping bait and alternatively share much partially digested food. You just have to remember that youre argueing with an entire termite colony, Forschler said. This research holds a great deal of promise. Further termite genetics research could reveal in effect(p) manners of disrupting termite social behavior, perhaps in ways that cause the insects to die, said confidence Oi, an assistant extension scientist with UFs entomology and nematology department.The model for exploiting the termites social behavior for control is not new, said Oi, another co-author of the paper. In terms of pest control, we can look to this area of scholarship enhancing come throughing methods. Bed Bug Herbal Remedies Work Well With Traps July 15, 2013 THE margosa TREE (Azadirachta indica), a medicinal mahogany tree (Meliaceae) native to desiccated broadleaf and scrub forests in Asia (e. g. India), has been used for over 4,000 years in Vedic medicine and has a heavy, durable wood useful for furniture and buildings because it is resistant to termites and fungi.Nonethe slight, despite US EPA registration as a pesticide for crop and home use and a long legacy of neem seed oil use for cosmetics, shampoos, toothpastes and medicines in India, Ohio State University researcher Susan Jones could not find any classholds near her Columbus, Ohio, home willing to try neem in her fill in cod control experiments. We had no study takers because of the regulatory requirements, which panicky off people, Jones told the entomologic Society of America (ESA) Annual Meeting.You have to con page after page to residents about harmfulity without being able to talk about the toxicity of alternative products not as safe as neem. In October 2012, an expel house with enjoy bugs became available for research when its occupant opted to escape a bad seat bug plague by leaving the infested home and inadvertently transferred the infestation to their new home. Jones monitored the empty house by placing in each room four (4)Verifi(TM) carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide) pins and four (4) Climbup(R) Interceptor traps. Visual inspections revealed few bed bugs.On October 24, 2012, prior to neem treatments, 38 bed bugs were captured in Climbup(R) traps, indicating bed bug infestations only in the ensure bedroom and bed of the empty house. Eight Verifi(TM) traps captured 48 bed bugs in the dining room, guest room and master bedroom. As part of an IPM (integrated pest management) approach using multiple treatment tools Electrical sockets were treated with MotherEarth(R) D diatomaceous earth 3. 67 gal (13. 9 l) at a rate of 1 gal/250 ft2 (3. 9 l/23 m2). Gorilla Tape(R) was used to seal nigh the doors and exclude bed bug movement from other roo ms.The neem seed oil product, Cirkil (TM) RTU, was sprayed in various take aims, including on books, backs of picture frames and cardboard boxes. Vials of the insecticide-susceptible Harlan bed bug strain were placed around the house for on-site neem seed oil vapor toxicity assays. devil days after spraying, bed bug mortality from neem seed oil vapors was highest in confined spaces with 48% mortality in vials placed between the mattress and box spring, versus 28% mortality in candid spaces. On Nov. 6, two weeks post-treatment, 123 dead bed bugs were vacuumed up and live bed bugs were detected in a second bedroom.Bed bug numbers were low because the monitoring traps were doing double duty, also providing population suppression by removing many bed bugs. Herbal oils can also be combined with alter put up at 50 C (122 F) or carbon dioxide (CO2) fumigation chambers to combat bed bugs. However, heat chambers are expensive, and CO2 fumigation with modify ice can pose handling diffic ulties and room air circulation issues, Dong-Hwan Choe of the University of California, Riverside, told the Entomological Society of America (ESA).Herbal subjective oils are useful against head lice, and in Choes native Korea rive oil from from the leaves and flower buds of clove plants (Syzygium aromaticum) is used in aromatherapy and as a medicine. Clove oil is rich in GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) compounds such as eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and methyl salicylate (sometimes called wintergreen oil), which are useful as vapors in control of insects and microbes. In dentistry, clove oil (eugenol) is widely used as an antiseptic and pain reliever.Clove essential oils work hot in closed spaces or fumigation chambers (e. g. vials, mason jars) than in open spaces. Essential oils are even slower to kill bed bugs when orally ingested. In experiments at varied temperatures, Choe placed 10 bed bugs in plastic vials with mesh tops. The vials were placed inside 900 ml (1. 9 pint) M ason jars filter paper treated with essential oils was placed on the underside of the Mason jar tops. Herbal essential oils worked faster at higher temperatures.For example, methyl salicylate fumigant vapors provided 100% bed bug mortality in 30 hours at 26 C (79 F) 10 hours at 35 C (95 F) and 8 hours at 40 C (104 F). Eugenol vapors produced similar results there were no synergistic or linear effects from combining eugenol and methyl salicylate. Choe told the ESA that his future trials will include botanical oil granules exposing bed bug-infested items to essential oil vapors and checking for sublethal essential oil effects on parameters such as female bed bug reproduction.Narinderpal Singh of Rutgers placed bed bugs on cotton model squares treated (half remaining untreated) with synthetic pesticide and herbal essential oil products 1) Temprid(TM) SC, a mixture of imidacloprid and cyfluthrin (neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides) 2) Ecoraider(TM) (Reneotech, atomic number 7 Bergen, NJ) contains FDA GRAS ingredients labeled as made from extracts of multiple traditional herbs that have been used in Asia for hundreds of years for therapy and to repel insects 3) Demand(R) CS, which contains lambda-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) 4) Bed Bug Patrol(R) (Natures Innovation, Buford, FL), a mixture with the active ingredients listed as clove oil, peppermint oil and atomic number 11 lauryl sulfate. && Temprid(TM) SC and Demand(R) CS proved best on the cotton fabric test. In arena bioassays with Climbup(R)Interceptor traps, none of the four insecticides were repellent to bed bugs (i. e. repellency was less than 30%). Ecoraider(TM) was equal to Temprid(TM) SC and Demand(R) CS against the tough to kill bed bug eggs. Singh concluded that field tests of Ecoraider(TM) as a biopesticide were warranted.Changlu Wang of Rutgers told the ESA that travelers might be nurtureed from bed bug bites and bring home fewer bed bugs if protected by essential oil repellents , as well as by more traditional mosquito and tick repellents like DEET, permethrin and picaridin. Repellents are more convenient and less expensive than non-chemical alternatives such as sleeping under bed bug tents and bandaging yourself in a protective suit. Isolongifolenone, an odourless sesquiterpene found in the South American Tauroniro tree (Humiria balsamifera), is among the botanicals being studied, as it can also be synthesized from turpentine oil and is as effective as DEET against mosquito and tick species.Bed bug arena tests involve putting a band of repellent around a table leg, with a Climbup(R)Interceptor trap below. If the bed bug falls into the trap, it is deemed to have been repelled from the clear above. In actual practice, the bed bug climbs up the surface and goes horizontal onto the treated surface and drops or falls off if the surface is repellent. Isolongifolenone starts losing its repellency after 3 hours 5%-10% DEET industrial plant for about 9 hours. I n arena tests with host cues, 25% DEET keep backs surfaces repellent to bed bugs for 2 weeks. But isolongifolenone is considered safer, and Wang is testing higher rate in hopes of gettting a full days protection. How to Kill Termites preaching Options for home plateownersDont let their size fool you, termites are far from harmless. These trivial white insects feed on untreated wood piles around homes and can even start up a colony in spite of appearance the structure of your homewhere wood is abundant. When termites find their way into homes, they can cause serious structural damage that requires costly repairs. If youre wondering how to kill termites, contacting a professional to address the problem is the best treatment method you can choose to maintain the integrity of your home. There are several(predicate) methods you can use to kill termites around your home, but remember that your safest plectrum is to contact a professional to treat your home and property.If youre ti me lag for your exterminator to come and inspect your home and you want to be proactive, there are a couple of different treatment options you can try. 1. boric acid- This white powder is commonly used to kill roaches, but it works with termites as well. You can sprinkle it around the foundation of your home to keep termites from coming in. Youll need to repeat this treatment every few days for at least two weeks before you notice a lineage in the number of termites in your home. 2. Bait blocks-You can also place bait blocks around your home. You can find these in most grocery store or hardware stores. These traps contain wood thats been treated with pesticide.Once the termites find these traps, theyll carry the poisoned wood back to the queen. Once the queen dies, the termites will be unable to reproduce. 3. Termiticide- If you know the location of the infestation, you can spray the area with a non-repellant termiticide, or you can sprinkle the area with Bio-Blast. Termites that come into contact with pest control products will infect other termites until that infection reaches the queen. However, it may take up to three months before your termite problem is under control. Home treatments can be less expensive than hiring a professional exterminator, but if you dont treat the problem properly, termite damage can be costly.Your safest option is to contact a professional if you have any suspicion that termites are present. Contacting a professional to treat your termite problem as soon as possible can help you interrupt much of this damage and save you from costly repairs. If you have a termite problem, contact one of the pest control experts at Landscaper. org to take care of the problem before it becomes worse. Research Article Termiticidal Activity of genus Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth root Extracts on the Termite Coptotermes intermediusSilvestri (Isoptera Rhinotermitidae) Bolarinwa Olugbemi Division of Termite Control and Ecology, Termite Research Lab oratory, P. M.B. 656, Akure 340001, Nigeria Received 5 October 2011 Revised 14 November 2011 Accepted 28 November 2011 academician Editor Arthur G. Appel Copyright 2012 Bolarinwa Olugbemi. This is an open access article distributed under the productive Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the received work is properly cited. Abstract The chemical and mineral composition of naked as a jaybird and poached seeds of the African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth, was determined while the termiticidal action of the aqueous, alcoholic, and acetone extracts of the bean seeds were investigated.Variations in the proximate and mineral composition of the raw and turn seeds were obtained while heavy minerals such as cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, and copper had been leached out of the seed during the process of boiling. Extracts from the raw seeds exhibited varying degree of termiticidal activity, while extracts from the boiled seed had no effect on the workers of Coptotermes intermedius Silvestri. Alcoholic extracts were more active than the aqueous and acetone extracts. Termites die within 30?min, 40?min, and one hundred ten?min when exposed to concentration of 4?g?mL?1 treatments of alcoholic, aqueous, and acetone extracts, respectively. 1. Introduction Termites cause the most serious damage of all wood-feeding insects.In addition to timber and wood products, they attack growing trees, leather, rubber, and wool as well as agricultural crops 1. Significant damage is caused by termites to semisynthetic fabrics, polythene, plastics, metal foils, books, furniture, wooden telephone poles, wooden railway sweepers, and insulators of electric cables 2. change caused by termites to wooden structures in the United States of America is estimated to be over 3 billion Dollars annually, with subterranean termites accounting for at least 80% of these damages 3. Costs attributable to Coptote rmes formosanus in the Hawaiian Islands alone are greater than 60 million Dollars per annum 4.Termites are so destructive in that they derive their nutrition from wood and other cellulotic materials. In Africa and elsewhere in the developing countries, there is hardly any data on each the quantum of damage done by termites to agricultural crops, construction timbers, paper, and paper products, or the cost of control or repairing the damage done by these insect pests. The damage done by various termite species in Nigeria 2 ranged from scavenging on tree barks and dead branches, to eating out grooves in the roots and stems of plants. previous(prenominal) research efforts had focused more on chemical methods of control, with an obvious escape of attention placed on understanding the behavior and history of these termites.In public opinion of mounting concerns over the side effect caused by the use of these toxic and environmentally unfriendly chemicals, direction of research is now focusing on alternative nontoxic, biological, and environmentally friendly methods of control. These methods include baiting systems, use of asphyxiant gases, practise of extreme temperatures, barriers of various types, as well as biological control organisms 3, 5. Extractives with insecticidal properties from naturally resistant wood and plant species in form of phenolic, terpenoid, and flavonoid compounds, show great promise for prevention of termite attack 69. Some of these substances may also act as feeding deterrent 1012.The termite Coptotermes formosanus was found to be attracted and preferentially feed upon the amino acids, glutamic and aspartic acids 13. These could be used to improve the effectiveness of baiting systems. Many of the chemicals causing attraction and avoidance in several tree species are polar molecules 14. Investigation has shown that steaming of the heartwood of the Japanese larch, degraded or removed the chemicals responsible for the inhibition of termit e attack 15. A number of tree species such as the Alaska cedar, redwood, and teakwood 16 are resistant to termite attack. Neem was found to be a strong repellent to Coptotermes formosanus and was suggested as a barrier tree to protect more vulnerable plants 17.The use of high levels of carbon dioxide, for extended limit of time has been successfully used to control termites in contained spaces 4. The application of het air to kill termites has shown to be successful in research laboratory bioassays 18. luculent nitrogen has also been shown to be effective in eliminating termites in the laboratory 3. These temperature-based control methods are showing great promise, but need more field studies on their effectiveness in natural settings. In other studies 19 Inundation with water was shown to cause a decline in pasture worker population. This could indicate possible applications to control, for example, the controlled flooding of the territories of specific termite colonies to red uce damage by foragers.Barriers to foraging termites that are being tested include sand, crushed granite, glass splinters, and metal shields. These methods have had mixed successes, thereby pointing to the need for more research in this area 3. The African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth, is a perennial leguminous tree, found growing wildly in forested and savanna belts in Nigeria. Fermented Parkia seeds are locally used in traditional soup seasoning, medicinal preparations and food additives 20. In addition, boiled water obtained during fermentation process of P. biglobosa seeds is used in controlling termite infestation at the local level. In spite of this practice, few reports exist on the termiticidal properties of aqueous solution of P. biglobosa seeds.