The Rules

* We should follow the rules so that we can maintain peace and organization within our society, economy, and even our country. Without rules no one would be able to work together. * Two different kinds of people can be heard to utter that question, â€Å"Why have rules? † One of them does not believe in rules; the other believes in rules and adds a few more words to the question, â€Å"Why have rules, if you are not going to enforce them? † I would like to examine both sides of this argument.Many people say that if we had no rules, there would be total anarchy and chaos. Some say that if there were no law against murder or theft, normal good people would murder and steal. I agree that there would be more murder and theft. But, I cannot imagine that normal people would murder and steal. Wouldn't you be repelled by murder and theft? Wouldn't there be implied constraints (implied laws, if you will) against murder and theft? Wouldn't the Golden Rule apply, even if it weren' t given to us in the Bible? Aren't there always implied rules? Sixty-nine percent of students who obey the rules say that the rules are there for guidance and protection, with 20 percent feeling that the rules are there to scare them into obedience. * We follow rules because they are necessary to coordinate individual actions in a social setting. Some rules are self-enforcing, i. e. , it is in each individual's interest to obey them. For example, once more than 50% of car operators drive on the right side of the road in a particular area, more and more drivers will notice that adapting to this rule reduces their risks of accident, and the rule will become more and more accepted.A driver who decides to break the rule will risk incurring a high cost. * A related reason why we follow rules is that we don't know the consequences of particular decisions: rules are, as Hayek says, â€Å"a device for coping with our constitutional ignorance. † * In certain instances, we follow rules because we want to guard against particular decisions that may, on the spur of the moment, bring satisfaction, but have long term consequences we wish to avoid. You may use a loud, or repeating, alarm-clock, or put it out of reach, because you know hat you may be tempted to stay in bed when the time comes. * Rules are indispensable, but there must be ways to challenge them by trying new ones. Much of the art of social, and personal, life is about knowing which rules to follow and which rules to disobey. * Most of the time we put people into one category or the other. You either accept the rules and play by them or you’re a rebel who likes to break the rules. * A third variety that we often forget about is the rule questioner.And the rule questioner is in a better position to learn and succeed than the pure rule followers and rule breakers. * Why you shouldn’t follow all the rules * The rule followers believe that rules are in place for a reason and that we should foll ow them all. Groups of smart people created laws and company procedures and social norms and school policies so we should accept them and follow them. * Blindly following the rules doesn’t require you to think much. You accept rules the way they are even if they don’t seem to make sense. The problem is that circumstances and environments and people and societies change. We learn better methods. Technology changes our procedures. Rules become outdated. * If you blindly follow all the rules, you don’t account for these changes. * Why you shouldn’t break all the rules * While some of us like to believe we’re rule breakers, most of us realize that we need rules to have a functioning society. (That is, unless you’re an anarchist. ) * Rule breakers really aren’t that different from rule followers.Instead of blindly following the rules, they blindly break the rules. * Why? * Maybe you think you know better. * Maybe you like the feeling of re bellion. * Maybe you want to be different. * Maybe you think the rules are absurd. * The underlying problem with both rule breakers and rule followers is that they don’t use their brains to think about whether they should follow or break the rules. * Question the rules * Instead of following all the rules or breaking all the rules, we should become rule questioners. * Do the rules make sense?If so, then follow them†¦if not, think about about how you might be able to change them. * Most people believe that if you don’t question the rules, you’ll get farther in life, but success awaits those who are willing to break the right rules. * Painting inside the lines * I’m definitely a rule follower. * I was reminded of my tendency to follow the rules last weekend when I attending a Paint By Wine Class with some friends. A local art shop provides paint, a blank canvas and an artist to teach you to create a painting while you sip wine and chat with friends. Ev eryone is supposed to follow the instructor’s guidance to create the same painting. I didn’t really like the colors in the painting, but I followed each of the artist’s instructions and recreated something that looked exactly like her painting. She complimented me on how straight my lines were. * It wasn’t until I looked around, that I noticed that other people weren’t following the rules (gasp! ). Some of my friends used different colors. Others put their flowers in different locations. Others were going even more rogue and painting roses instead of daisies. I blindly followed the rules without even thinking about how I could put my own touch on the painting. I didn’t even like what I was creating, but I found myself proud that I had followed the directions so closely (although certainly not perfectly). * What was I left with at the end of the night? Besides a fun time hanging out with my friends, I had an exact replica of a painting I didn ’t really like. (Yes, the featured image in this post is my â€Å"work of art†. ) * Use your brain to question the rules Whether you’re more of a rule breaker or a rule follower, we can all improve by questioning the rules before following or breaking them. * I’m not suggesting that you pick only the rules you feel like following. Please don’t drink and drive because you think the rule doesn’t make sense. Don’t steal from the grocery store to feel like a rebel. * But do use your brain to ask reasonable questions. *   Rules are important because without rules there would be chaos. Everyone would be doing whatever they want and no one would agree and bad things would happen.   Rules are important because it lets society know what is expected of them. If you break the rules there are consequences and you are aware of that as well. Rules keep us in order. * We should follow the rules so that we can maintain peace and organization with in our society, economy, and even our country. Without rules no one would be able to work together. * Rules are needed to stop anarchy and to provide order. People need to be accountable for their actions so rules are needed. Without rules, no one would own up to any responsibility and things would never get accomplished. *

Prison and Asylum Reform in the 19th Century Essay

In early American society, criminals that were held by our government we executed, whipped, and held in a dark cell for a short amount of time. The insane wandered around as a danger to themselves and people around them; and the churches caer took the poor. In the 1820s and 1830s there was a growing number of criminals, lunatics, and the poor people. Reformers wanted to establish an official institute for them. The reformers believed that reform and rehabilitation was possible in a controlled environment. The reformers had a few goals that they wanted to establish. They wanted more separation; the mentally ill children should not be held together with the convicts. They also wanted better prison grounds with better conditions. They wanted the abuse to be reduced; no more whipping and other forms of torture. They wanted change. Dorothea Dix was a Sunday school teacher at the East Cambridge jail. There, she was exposed to the horrible conditions these people had to live with such as no heat, no separation between the criminals, the children and the mentally ill. Dorothea was horrified by this and secured a court order to make improvements. She wondered about other jails in Massachusetts; so she traveled and the conditions were worse. She was so disturbed by what she saw she set out to reform prisons and asylums everywhere. Dorothea was a major factor in the reform. She helped cause awareness to the serious matter and she was responsible for the building of hospitals for the insane. In 1835 The United States had two of the best prisons in Pennsylvania. The two prisons were a product of the on going reform and were both a success. New York and Pennsylvania had the best prisons because they experimented with solitary confinement, where the criminal could reflect on their sins and not be infl uenced by other inmates. Dorothea Dix, in March of 1841, taught a Sunday class for woman at the East Cambridge Jail. This shows that she thinks that even if people are in jail or prison, that they are still people but just need to be world with. The question we are looking for is if prisons were meant for punishment or to help make these people better people for the future; future was a big question at that time. All in all, most of these reformers’ goals were met. They wanted change and they got it. They believed in something so much with such passion that they actually changed American history; and that is why  American justice system is one of the best.

Porter’s 5 Forces of Age Advantage

1. Bargaining power of supplier – HIGH As it has been mentioned before in the external analysis, staffing difficulties is one of the issues threatening the aged care service company. The issue of labor shortages then limits the ability of Age Advantage to recruit key people and add up the bargaining power of suppliers who provide workers for aged care service. As labor costs represent the largest fixed costs for aged care service providers, this can be considered as a threat for the business. 2. Bargaining power of buyer – MEDIUMBased on our research, there is a fair level of choice and options regarding age care service providers in Malaysia resulting in medium level of bargaining power of buyer. However, it is assumed not to be a significant problem for Age Advantage. As with our unique age in place service, we believe that we have a higher degree of competitive advantage compared to other aged care service providers existing in Malaysia. 3. Threat of substitutes â₠¬â€œ LOW The threat of the development of robotics for assisting with health care and aged care can be said as embryonic at the moment as it faces cost and price barriers as well as low social acceptance.Also, the existence of aged home can be said as not hazardous with the trend of ageing people preferring to receive service at home rather than residing in aged care facilities. Hence, the threat of substitutes for this business can be considered as low. 4. Threat of new entrants – LOW The low threat of new entrants is a result of high start-up costs for this kind of business as well as the length of the franchise agreement which could reach up to 10 years as people tend to avoid this kind of too-long-term contract.Besides, adequate training and well-trained labor force is essential for aged care service as this business deals with the life of people. Not forgetting as well the requirement of license approval from the government in order to enter the aged care service industr y. As a result, it results in a high degree of entry barriers causing a low degree of threat of new entrants. 5. Intensity of rivalry – LOW As it has been stated previously, there is only a fair level of choice and options regarding aged care service providers in Malaysia.Derived from the research we have done, age in place service is still rare in Malaysia as most aged care facilities have not provided a service of aged care at clients’ own homes. With the competitive advantage we own, it is believed that intensity of rivalry surrounding our business is low as the kind of service we provide is still considered one of a kind in Malaysia. 6. Complementary product We also add up a complementary product like insurance that when released pays the cost of aged care. Therefore, the insurer and their products become the complementor and the consumer gains additional value.

The Relationship between Technology and Modern Life as a Double-Edged Essay

The Relationship between Technology and Modern Life as a Double-Edged Sword - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that for the most part, technology has become so common it is no longer thought of it as â€Å"technology.† The presences of these day to day items have become necessary and normal; like microwaves, cars, and computers. Technology has brought many benefits to science, medicine, and aids in advancing human potential; at the same time, it has, also, allowed the development of disastrous weapons shifted job markets away from manual labor, and creates human dependence. Over the last 300 years, technology has been developed, improved upon, innovated, made obsolete, and replaced. Most people today cannot imagine living in a time that predates medical vaccinations, telephones, and light bulbs. Research explains that there are â€Å"Four Developments in the Human Condition† that have allowed the advancement of humanity into its modern society filled with the technological sciences of the present. We have continuously proceeded to find n ew innovations and approaches. 1. Imagery & Symbols: The development of language, the arts, and religion; humanity began applying meanings to imagery and symbolism. 2. Universal Order & Theory: The emergence of philosophy (800 to 200 BCE) and concepts of creation, the divine, the universe as a whole; truth-seeking. 3. Experiment & Plausibility: The developments of modern science, beginning in the 1600s. Logical thinking focuses on probable answers. 4. Praxis & Plausibility: Essentially the practice of considering human and social ramifications of scientific and technological actions. From the steam engine in 1730 and the electric battery in 1800 to the automobile in 1885 and the telephone in 1839, the progress has been continuous; It is amazing to see how inventive and the level of ingenuity that human beings have managed to achieve, change, improve, and develop the altered quality of society and that of individual human life. There are many supporters of technology. There are some people who feel that scientific advancement and technological possibilities should be the focus of humanity. However many others believe that technology offers convenience, but also contributes heavily to air pollution, environmental contaminations, displacement of species within ecosystems, can cause psychological dependence among users, and are not worth implementing in the long run. In fairness and, as stated previously, there are a number of pros and cons related to technology and its presence and influence within modern society. Both sides make quality arguments concerning the positive and negative aspects and implications of modern technologies and its various applications. There are 10 highlighted contributions or influences of technology presenting its greatest benefits to modern human society; these contributions include 1. Easy access to information, allowing anyone to find answers to question and grasp concepts that they may not have previously had access to. 2. Improved communication, which has allowed greater exchanges and interaction between peoples across the world. 3.

Compare and Contract 2 Documentaries Movie Review

Compare and Contract 2 Documentaries - Movie Review Example Just like the way love takes on connotation in distinction to unresponsiveness or disgust, and civilization takes on the meaning in distinction to barbarism or pandemonium, documentary assumes meaning quite the reverse to creative writing film or investigational and ultramodern film. People would afterwards merely have an imitation or duplicate of a thing that already subsisted. However, a documentary is never a duplicate of realism but a representation of the planet people presently occupy. It symbolizes a particular perspective of the planet; something people might never have come across prior to even if the characteristics of the planet that is symbolized is recognizable to the world's inhabitants. A reproduction is judged through its loyalty to the original its capability to resemble, act like, and provide the same principles as the original. People review a representation further by the temperament of the delight it provides, the worth of the insight or information it offers, an d the eminence of the course or temperament, tone or viewpoint it instills. Queries arise from a representation as opposed to that of a reproduction. Are documentaries an imitation of realism and are the tribulations they portray remotely less sensitive? If a Tree Falls is a tale of the Earth Liberation Front, (ELF), an astonishing documentary by the dazzling youthful directors Sam Cullman and Marshall Curry. This documentary searches the prosecution of associates of the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) for a succession of expensive flammable fires. The trailers and a number of imagery of the film makes a person get disturbed that it is going to be a one-sided delineation of ecological heroes going to limits. This documentary was certainly nothing of the sort. The knowledge of short listing of the film in the documentary section of the Academy Prizing made many people. People hope that the film makes the final selection, even though the antagonism, as always, is hard. It would be an ele ction for fearless examination of intricacy in a planet drawn to over abridged portrayals of events and tribulations, champions and villains. If one gets an opportunity to watch it, he or she is urged to do so. Presently, the film is watchable in the ‘instant or quick play’ approach on Netflix. Those residing in New York have an opportunity to watch the documentary at the IFC Center depicted as a component of the Stranger than Fiction. Mutually, the two directors and makers of the film will be present. The film is summed up and scrutinized nicely in an enlightening feature tale that occurred in The Times previously and currently this year (Crimes against Property, as Protests, C5). Fairly than appraising the details, one is urged to go through it. At its nucleus, the film discovers the ancestry of one environmentalist’s decree-violating passion, and of the firmness of the centralized antiterrorism rules that emanated out of the Oklahoma City terror campaign in th e year 1995 and then the horrific attacks of September 11 in the year 2001. It is viciously neutral, despite offering a cherished, above-the-shoulder vision of the key acknowledged arsonist, the mild-behavioral Daniel McGowan, as he trails his dispute against a long prison sentence. This type of impartiality is highly dissimilar than the â€Å"reasonable and balanced† Fox-style TV meme. Inside the Times commentary, Curry articulated this concerning the balance: the

My useful psychology book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My useful psychology book - Essay Example In relation to this, the paper will be discussed from my perspective, which is how exactly this book has been a helping hand; this includes meditation, how to manage stress and managing myself in time. Meditation has been preferred for one’s peace and healthiness, however this was not included in my normal routine, but introduction of this book has been a very great help as the text introduced and somehow persuaded me to try out meditation. Once I started this exercise, I couldn’t help but notice the positive changes it started to bring in my life. For instance, it reduces tension related problem such as anxiety, joint and muscles issues and headaches. Not only this, the feeling of boundless energy and to be creative, being emotionally stable and feeling unusually happy and healthy are some of the perks of meditating. Moving to the next help that has been extended to me by reading and examining this book is the different ways and procedures through which I can manage stress. The initial step that is needed to be taken to ensure stress management is the very core from which this problem is erupting. If the original reason behind this issue is external that one should try to eliminate this factor, or if tit is internal that one should produce ways to deal with it. Another way to control stress is keep doing what you love such as painting, reading, go for outing, sharing with your parent, sibling or friend, because the more you indulge yourself in your favorite activities, the less you ponder over the issues that generates stress. Interestingly, stress is also sometime caused when you do something which you shouldn’t have done, so sometimes confessing helps too in reducing stress. Likewise, one should always try to look at the bright side or do things the right way. Exploring the third benefit which I have extracted from the book; the initial and the most important thing when managing yourself in time is to set achievable and realistic goal, because if

Forest Parcelization in Vilas County, Wisconsin Research Paper

Forest Parcelization in Vilas County, Wisconsin - Research Paper Example A huge portion of this forested land parcels is under the ownership of non-industrial private landowners. It is estimated that these non-industrial private landowners own over sixty percent of the whole forested land in the county of Vilas. The rest of the forested parcels of land are under the ownership of the county government of Vilas, the federal government, the state government, the forest industry department and Wisconsin’s Indian Tribes. The federal government carried out the land survey of the State of Wisconsin forest in the nineteenth century. The purpose of the survey was to divide the huge land under public ownership into parcels that could be sold to private owners, in order to raise revenue for the federal government and provide settlement for the people (Allred et al. 2011). The work of the survey was implemented using the Public Land Survey System that usually divides the land into six-mile square townships and one-mile square sections. Six-mile square townships are the primary units of the public land survey. They are further sub-divided into one-mile-square sections. The townships are then regularly arranged across the state whereas the sections are similarly arranged in the townships (The Vilas County Mapping Department, 2010). The Wisconsin-Illinois border is the location of the initial point of the public land survey in Wisconsin. The locality is roughly ten miles east of Mississippi (Allred et al. 2011). The location is the point of intersection of the base-line. It is also the boundary of the southern state and the principal meridian, which is a latitude running due north from the initial point. Township lines are the east-west lines that cross the principal meridian after every six miles. Range lines, on the other hand, are north-south lines that run through the middle of the baseline after every six miles.

The Negatives and Downfalls of U.S Public Schools and Its System Research Paper

The Negatives and Downfalls of U.S Public Schools and Its System - Research Paper Example The current public school curriculum is fixed. The current curriculum is not addressing the problem of individual differences. No tow individuals are alike. Same way it is not necessary that needs of two children are the same. Current curriculum is providing same thing to all the children irrespective of the different tastes of children. For example, a child who hates mathematics, forced to learn mathematics. Same was a child who likes painting may not get the opportunity to learn more about painting in public schools. Instead of tying the children inside the classrooms, they should be allowed to come out of the class rooms and learn something from the nature. Ultimately, the workplace for a child will be the nature when he grows up. So, the training to tackle the challenges from the nature should be given at an early age itself. â€Å"The good news for parents is that public schools cannot charge tuition. The bad news is that public schools are complicated, often underfunded operat ions influenced by political winds and shortfalls†(Great schools staffs). Private schools raise funds through tuition fees, developmental activities and contributions from the alumni whereas public schools don’t have such channels of funding. Moreover, the funds allotted to public schools have been reduced considerably by the administration. â€Å"In a recent survey of school districts, 43% of respondents reported budget cuts of 10% or less for this academic year, and 21% reported cuts of 11 to 25%, according to the American Association of School Administrators (School budget cuts across the US projected for next academic year) One of the toughest blows and most shocking hypocrisies of the Bush education budget is his plan to entirely end the Perkins Loan Program,... This essay declares that the current public school curriculum is fixed. The current curriculum is not addressing the problem of individual differences. No tow individuals are alike. Same way it is not necessary that needs of two children are the same. Current curriculum is providing same thing to all the children irrespective of the different tastes of children. For example, a child who hates mathematics, forced to learn mathematics. Same was a child who likes painting may not get the opportunity to learn more about painting in public schools. Instead of tying the children inside the classrooms, they should be allowed to come out of the class rooms and learn something from the nature. Ultimately, the workplace for a child will be the nature when he grows up. So, the training to tackle the challenges from the nature should be given at an early age itself. This paper makes a conclusion that major problem which contributed to the downfall of public school system in America is the bigger class size. The class size will be bigger in public schools compared to private schools and therefore individualized attention cannot be guaranteed to students studying in such schools. Private schools have many options to raise funds whereas public schools have limited options for raising funds. Public school facilities depend heavily on the economy of the place of its operation and any fluctuations in local economy can adversely affect the public school system. The salaries of the teachers in public schools are cheaper when we compare it to the salaries obtained by the private schools.

Aotmic Bomb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aotmic Bomb - Essay Example According to Colonel Paul Tibbets, The man who dropped the bomb. The original plans were to have the bomb dropped in Germany but the idea was dropped after Germany surrendered. Japan was not the primary target. The decision to drop the bomb to Japan was considered after Germany surrendered (Studs). Critics also argue that there was an element of racism, why was the bomb drooped on Japan and not Germany, was it because greater precautions were exercised in considering to drop the bomb on Germany which was a "white" nation and less care was taken against Japan as they were "yellow". If America really wanted to use the bomb in Germany then, the Manhattan project would have been accelerated (Edward). The assertion that the USA bombed Japan to end war wasn't correct but a war gimmick to justify the massacre of innocent civilians asks (Tony). The USA had to show its rival, the USSR that they were capable of destroying a city completely. To prove to this the bomb had to be tested on human beings. The Japanese squadrons were fighter jets, piloted by Japanese suicide pilots in an effort to fight the Americans. These suicide pilots died in attempt to bomb American ships and military bases. In this context it wasn't necessary to bomb Japan as their weapons and military equipment were inferior.

The Clouds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Clouds - Essay Example After realising that my digital camera would be unable to truly capture the vision before me, I put the device aside in order to study the cloud from every viewing point available to me. Although I am no meteorologist, this cloud is an outstanding specimen of nature. This is an enormous lenticular cloud, created and moulded by the wind. Hovering above the craggy horizon dominated by peaks competing for dominance, this cloud is a cohesive whole. Butting against the blue background in a scalloped and varying edge, it appears to be in overhanging layers. With edge conditions comparable to the exterior of a geode, less and less light flows through as the layers get deeper and lower. Through the varying shades of white, black and grey, I begin to fathom how large and intricate this formation truly is. This also makes for fascinating shadow play between the elements of this majestically still phenomenon, highlighting the collected microchasms creating the scene before me. Haunting my path throughout my explorations of the landscape, the cloud's massive thin and white expanse distinctly dominated an otherwise pristinely blue sky.

Brief history and Mission Statement Research Paper

Brief history and Mission Statement - Research Paper Example The mission statement of Southwest Airline is still applicable today and it reflects the main focus of the airline is to offer the highest quality services to its clients so that they can be satisfied. Thus, it reveals that satisfying customers and providing the highest quality services are the topmost priorities of Southwest Airlines. Southwest Airlines started its businesses in 1967 with the name of Air Southwest Co however the name of the company was changed in 1976 to Southwest Airlines Co. in 1975, the company was first listed in American Stock Exchange and then it migrated to NYSE in the year 1977. Herb Kelleher became the Chief Executive officer and President of Southwest Airlines in the year 1981 and before that he was the chairman since 1978. In 1990, total revenues of the airline were recorded to be more than $1 billion thus making Southwest Airlines as one of the major players in the airline industry. In 1994, the airline acquired Morris Air and Arizone One to expand its services (Southwest Airlines). To satisfy the customers and provide them more facilities, the airline started online booking system in 1996. SWABIZ, a travelling plan for business travelers was introduced in 2000 with which business travelers could plan, purchase and track business travel. DING, an application was introduced in 2005 by Southwest Airline that notified customers about exclusive offers of the company. No such application was introduced by any other company in the airline industry before Southwest Airlines (Southwest Airlines). For sixteen consecutive years (1991 through 2006), the Department of Transportation Air Travel Consumer Report listed Southwest airlines as among the top five of all major carriers for on-time performance and fewest customer complaints. Southwest is the only airline to ever hold the Triple Crown (first in all of the categories) for its annual performance. No

Social Media Technology Essay Example for Free

Social Media Technology Essay 1.0Introduction Bhanot (2012) defined social media technology as the â€Å"media for social interaction that can be used in web based and mobile technologies†. In addition, web based and mobile technologies can make the communication into interactive conversation. The most popular social media among the users are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and so on. Besides, the social media technology is not for the public users to interact other user only but the social media technology provides internal social media to the organizations such as Salesforce. com (Andzulis et al., 2012). Social media is a new trend in this era. It is because social media is an easy way to get information, knowledge, news and others that useful to the users than conventional media such as newspaper, magazines and so on. In addition, the information in the social media is not expensive and easily to access compared than the conventional media (Bhanot, 2012). The statistic shows that the users of the social media had been increased year by year. Facebook has more than 175 million users that are registered in 2009 but has been increased to 845 million users that are registered while Twitter has over 465 million users that are registered. According to Kaplan and Haenlien (2010), the history of social media was starting 33 years ago. In 1979, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis from Duke University had been created â€Å"Usenet† which is social media that allowed users to post public messages. Besides, Bruce and Susan Abelson had created â€Å"Open Diary† which is an early social media. The â€Å"Open Diary† is a community of the online diary writers. Social media technology is closely related to Web 2.0 and user-generated content. According to Kaplan and Haenlien (2010), Web 2.0 is a platform where the social media is evolving. Web 2.0 allows the users to interact and collaborate among the users in social media. Web 2.0 is the platform where the users can share the information with other users and the other users can continuously edit or modified the information. According to Constantinides and Fountain (2008), Web 2.0 is a collection of open-source which has the knowledge and market power of the users in business and social process and Web 2.0 allow the users to share, disseminate and editing the informal content. User generated content is refer to media contents in the media technologies. Web 2.0 allows creation and exchange of user-generated content in a virtual community. Web 2.0 can be classified into five main categories which are blogs, social network, communities, forum / bulletin boards and content aggregators (Constantinides Fountain, 2008). Nowadays, the business method has been changed compared than the traditional method which is face to face in selling or buying. The world has been changing and technology was evolved. The method of business change into a virtual selling or virtual buying compared than traditional business method. In this information technology era, organizations are regularly to make their business using internet or online network. There are two types of business that use the internet or online network as a medium for running their business which is an electronic business (E-Business) and E-Commerce. E-Commerce is the process of buying and selling of product or services that use the internet or online network. E-Business is like E-commerce but E-business is more than E-Commerce. E-Business is not just buying and selling product or services using the internet but E-business are the wide perspective of E-Commerce. E-Business includes servicing the customer, cooperating with business partner, supply chain management, and process with electronic transaction. Nowadays, organizations are trying to identify the new way to maximize their profit using social media technology platform. The behaviour of the workers and the managers to maximized profit can be changed with the use of social media technologies (Turban Volonino, 2012). Social media technology can help organizations to maintain and improve competitiveness in the industry (Levin, Hansen, Laverie, 2012). In addition, social media are use by wide area of business includes human resources, supply chain management, marketing and sales and others area that used social media technology (Turban Volonino, 2012). The organizations also can use the social media technology to their marketing research plans. Nowadays, many organizations have realized the usefulness of the social media technology in running their business and they try to adapt this new technology slowly. According to Andzulis et al. (2012), the Ford Motor had hired 40 employees that are social media practitioners to promote their new car model which is Ford Focus. The employees had been given opportunity to drive test the car and the video have been uploaded in Facebook and other social media website. 2.0Risks of Social Media Technology in Business Enterprise The organizations or firms must understand the risk in using social media technology in their business. The risk using social media as a platform in business is greater than a business that uses traditional ways (Boz Unal, 2011). There are many hidden risks in using social media and the organization should realize the risks of the social media before implement it. The organization must realize that the employees can abuse the social media technology with access to their favourite social media and chatting all the time with their friends. From the recent research, 76 percent of the respondents had access their Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter at least once a day (Dutta, 2012). Some organization had blocked the social media and sacking their employees when the employees had been caught because of accessing the social networking sites at work. By blocking the social media make the employees cannot get the information and knowledge that are required in their job. In addition, the employees cannot access the social media communities and the employees cannot share and received any information, knowledge or experience in the social media. Thus, the productivity in the organization can be decreased. The risk that can make negative impact to the organization is when people start to say the negative or untrue things about the organization. People are easily trust to the untrue things from the unreliable source. According to Boz Unal (2011), word of mouth is the influential thing and its become more influential to the people in the social media technology. The customer or the competitor may review the organization in negative writing about their product or their services. For example, people give their negative opinion about Proton and their car new model which is Proton Preve in the social media network. A picture of Proton Preve was uploaded in the social media. The picture is about the people that are not satisfied with the quality of this car. Furthermore, this issue discussed on the forums on the website and many of them give negative opinions about the quality of this car. This may affect the persons decision whether to buy that car or not. Indirectly, this may affect the organization in terms of sales or profit. The other risk of the social media technologies is the sharing information with other users on social networking sites (Boz Unal, 2011). Besides, the employee may make a mistake by giving their opinion about their organization in social media. The confidential information about the organization can be leaked when the employees share their opinions in the social media. Besides, the competitor can learn the relationship between the clients and the organization (Giamanco Gregoire, 2012). The competitor will know the early-stage opportunities and try to snatch the client from the organizations. 3.0Productivity of Work by Using Social Media Technology One of the power using social media is the social media technology can enhance productivity in business enterprise. Using social media technology such as Facebook or twitter can enhance productivity among the employee by sharing the knowledge and experiences. The knowledge that the employees get from the social media can help others employees to solve problems (Iyer et al., 2011). From the research that had been conducted, the employees used the social media at work are objectively to support their organization’s goals and build up the name of their organizations (Dutta, 2012). After that, a research had been conducted, 72 percent of organizations are using social media as medium in their business and 90 percent of the organizations had reported that they had benefited by using social media technology (Social Media Enhances Productivity, 2012). This result can be a sign that the social media can be a channel to communicate among the employees. From Dutta (2012), the advantage using social media is easy to access to the information because of the speed to get the information had been increased It is because the social media can save time to seek information and then can enhance productivity in the workplace. Besides, the social media such as Twitter can help the employees to choose an alternative way to go to the offices when there is a traffic jam. This can help the employees to go to the office on time and indirectly can enhance the productivity of the organization. The relationship with the customer can be built by using social media technology (Iyer et al., 2011). This will help the organizations to analyse and learns the problems of the products or services when the customer tells their experience when using the products or the services. After that, the organizations will know the customers experiences when using the organization’s products or services. The relationship can make the customer loyal to the organizations. It is because with a strong relationship between customer and the organization, the customers will satisfied with the products of the services of the organizations. Furthermore, in the customer service department, the social media technology can save cost and time the organizations and the customer. The customers just use their social media such as Facebook to ask question or make a complaint about the product or the services. The customer does not waste their time to meet the customer service face to face but the customer services can answer or explain the customer problem easily using social media technology. For example, Celcom Axiata Berhad is a Malaysia’s mobile telecommunication company that uses this social media channel to interact with their customers. Celcom Axiata Berhad had two types of online customer service which is on their website and in their Facebook. Celcom customer services can answer directly to inquiries from the customer using their online customer service. By using social media technology, Celcom customer services spend less time answering calls from the customer. In addition, the Celcom customer services can reduce their time to read and composing email by using social media technology. From the research that had been done, the customer service can reduce 25 to 30 percent of their time by answering emails from the customer (Bughin, Chui, Manyika, 2012) and can free their time by 7 to 8 percent to do other works (Social Media Enhances Productivity, 2012). 4.0Social Media Technology as the Promotion and Marketing Strategy Normally, the conventional advertising is in one way conversation (Wetsch, 2012). Nowadays, it has been changed in the advertising on the social media. Advertising on the social media can allow two ways conversation compared than conventional advertising that involve one way conversation only. The customer can give their opinion straight forward to the organization about the advertising using social media technology. The customer can communicate directly to the organization about the promotion or advertising (Mangold Faulds, 2009). Today, the organization had realized the benefits using social media technology. Social media technology is the new marketing for the organization to reach the communities of customers that they are targeting. Instead of that, the organization had used social media strategy in their marketing plan. According to Boz and Unal (2011), it is a powerful strategy when the organizations use social media platform to promote the organization business. Nowadays, many organizations use social media technology to promote their new products or new services. The organization use social media to promote their business because it can save a lot of money and can save time. Before this, the organizations promote their business or advertising their business in mass media such as television, radio, newspaper, magazine and others. The advertising or promotions that use mass media actually more costly compared than using social media. Besides, the advertisings that use television, radio, newspapers and magazine is not really relevant anymore in this modern era. For example, Al-Ikhsan use Facebook platform to promote their new products. Recently, Al-Ikhsan had their warehouse sales and they use social media technology to tell the people about the warehouse sale. Thousands of people were coming to the Al-Ikhsan warehouse sales. This situation occurs because the customers have wide access to the information by using social media (Mangold Faulds, 2009). Besides, the word of mouth communication is the most powerful thing in social media to influence someone. The users of social media have the capability to tell hundreds of the people at the same time. Face to face communication and mouth of word communication had less impact compared than social media (Mangold Faulds, 2009). This will be the proof how the social media technology can successfully help the organization to make publicity and their promotions. 5.0Recommendations The organizations must have a backup plan to prepare the risks in implementing social media technologies in their business. The organizations must not avoid using social media technologies in their business because of the risks. But, they should think to overcome this problem. In addition, a social media technology gives many benefits to an organization and it can maximize the profit and revenues of the organization. There are several recommendations to the organization to overcome the problems of risk in using social media technology and to improve organizations reputation. The organization should develop a strategic planning to overcome this problem. The organization should understand how to interact with customer or clients when using the social media. It is because the reputation can be affected by how the organization interact with the social media. Besides, the organization should advise their employees to communicate ethically and show respect to others when using social media technology. The organizations can enhance their employee’s productivity by using social media as a platform to interact with their customers. The organization should improve the system of customer services using the social media so that the productivity can be enhanced. The productivity can be increased when the employees gave their feedback quickly to the customers that ask a question in social media. The customers will satisfied and they felt that they are appreciated by the organization. So, the customers will be loyal to the organization. The communication will be improved between the organization and the customer when the organizations implement the social media technologies as the platform to approach their customers. The social media are new channel to make promotions or to advertise a business. The cost to advertise in mass media is actually higher and very expensive. The organization should consider using social media as a new channel to promote their business. It is because the cost is very cheaper than using mass media to promote their business. Besides, the organization can directly interact with the customer and can directly ask the customer opinion. When the organizations use the media mass as the channel to promote their business, they do not know how the readers or the viewers respond when seeing their advertisement. Thus, the organization must realize the advantages using social media as the channel in promoting their business compared to other channels. The organization should analyse whether the social media are successfully implemented or not. Besides, the organization can analyse their target market using social media platform. The preferences of the customer can be accessed easily with social media technology. Thus, the organization would understand the preference of their customer. In addition, the organization enables to get new market target and stay focused to the existing target market. It is important to build the relationship with the customer. In return, the customer would be loyal to the organization and try to promote to their family and friends when they are satisfied with the services of the organization. Instead of analysing the customers, the organization should analyse about their competitor and their competitor target market. It is useful information to make the organizations survive in the business and to maximise profit and the revenues of the organization. The important thing is the organization should make su re that social media aligned with the goal, objectives and vision of the organization. 6.0Conclusion In the information technology era, the users of the social media had increased year by year. Thus, the organizations should use this opportunity to implement the social media in business. Furthermore, social media is the important platform for an organization to survive in the business. Many organizations had been realized the importance of social media in their business and they try to implement social media technology in their business. The traditional method in business is not relevant anymore in this modern era. The organization cannot ignore the how powerful the social media technology because the social media contain the knowledge, information and experience of the people. All the information can be sought in the social media and it is faster to get the information. Besides, the social media give many benefits to the organization compared to conventional media. The benefits using social media technology include in recruitment, customer relationship, enhance the organization productivity, enhance decision making among the employees and in the marketing plan of the organization. But, the organization should realize the risk in using social media. The organizations must have a backup plan to prepare the risks in implementing social media technology in their business. The organizations must not avoid using social media technology in their business. Thus, the organization should develop a strategic plan to avoid the risk. The risk using social media just like a small part but the organization can get a huge of return by using the social media technology. References Andzulis, J. M., Panagopoulus, N. G., Rapp, A. (2012). A Review of Social Media and Implications for the Sales Process. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, Vol XXXII, No. 3 , 305-316. Bhanot, S. (2012). Use of Social Media by Companies to Reach their Customer. SIES Journal of Management,Vol. 8 (1) , 47-55. Boz, M., Unal, D. (2011). Successful Promotion Strategy in Destination Tourism Marketing Through Social Media; Queensland, Australia Case. Regional Science Conference with International Participation , 467-472. Bughin, J., Chui, M., Manyika, J. (2012). Capturing business value with social technologies. McKinsey Quarterly, Issue 4 , 72-80. Constantinides, E., Fountain, S. J. (2008). Web 2.0: Conceptual Foundations and Marketing. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 9 , 231-244. Dutta, S. (2012, Winter). Enterprsee 2.0: Let the Revolution Begin! Rotman Magazine , pp. 66-71. Giamanco, B., Gregoire, K. (2012, Jul/Aug). Tweet Me, Friend Me, Make Me Buy . Harvard Business Review , pp. 88-93. Iyer, B., Parise, S., Raiaqopal, S., Davenport, T. H. (2011). Putting Social Media to Work at Cognizant. Ivey Business Journal, Vol. 75 Issue 4 , 18-21. Kaplan, A. M., Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53 (1) , 59-68. Levin, M. A., Hansen, J. M., Laverie, D. A. (2012). Toward Understanding New Sales Employees Participation in Marketing-Related Technology: Motivation, Voluntariness and Past Performance. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, Vol XXXII, no. 3 , 379-393. Mangold, W. G., Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social Media: The New Hybrid Element of the Promotion Mix. Business Horizons, Issue 52 , 357—365. Social Media Enhances Productivity. (2012, Nov/Dec). Electric Perspectives , Vol. 37 Issue 6 , pp. 17-18. Turban, E., Volonino, L. (2012). Information Technology for Management 8th Edition. John Wiley Sons. Wetsch, L. R. (2012). A Personal Branding Assignment Using Social Media. Journal of Advertising Education , 30-36.

Music Therapy for Children With Learning Disabilities

Music Therapy for Children With Learning Disabilities Music therapy: A psychotherapy for the well being of children with learning disabilities Zahra Sultan Somani Music is an inbuilt piece of every culture. The impact of music in children’s lives may be demonstrated through children’s literature in different languages, through lullabies and traditional plays (Dastgheib et al. , 2013). In my opinion, music therapy plays a pivotal role in shaping different domains of the personality. â€Å"Music therapy is the prescribed use of music by a board-certified person to effect positive changes in the psychological, physical, cognitive, or social functioning of individuals with health or educational problems. †(Barksdale, 2003). (Gilroy Lee 1995). Layman (1999) states that music therapy is the controlled use of music with the objective of helping people to overcome their problems. Whereas Bruscia (1987), suggests that music therapy involves the use of organized music in the development of the client–therapist relationship to promote the physical, mental, social and emotional well-being of the client. (Savarimuthu Bunnell, 2002) The various types of music therapy activities consist of either playing songs or improvisational music (i. e. , spontaneous music making). During my mental health clinical rotation, I visited â€Å"Ma Ayesha Memorial Hospital† where I encountered many children with developmental and learning disabilities. They were being taught music in their school curriculum. The students took an active part in the singing, instrument playing and were clapping as well. they all were happy and learning via the therapy. This experience propelled me to take up this topic in order to understand how music affects children with learning disabilities, how it shapes one’s life towards betterment. There are some questions running in my head: what is the philosophy behind music therapies, how these therapies brings in change? The paper is Organized in the following sections: (1) Background of music (2) Music therapy Approaches (3) importance of music (4)impact of music therapy and its contributions(5)recommendations for the implications Background The development of music therapy as a profession has continued since the power of music as a universal means of communication was first discovered in ancient times. In literature ranging from that of the Egyptians and Greeks to that of the present day, the power of music is evident. The shaman or medicine man in many cultures used music directly in healing and was aware of its curative powers long before the advent of the profession of music therapy. In classical Greece, Pythagoras described the healthful properties of specific musical intervals and modes to promote health. Plato’s Laws, a work that contains a description of music and movement as a prescription for restoring health and harmony, drew associations between music and the moral welfare of the nation. (Barksdale, 2003). Music Therapy Approaches Major approaches to music therapy include analytical psychology theory and classical conditioning theory. Analytical psychology theory is given by Carl Jung. According to Jung, the aim of any therapy should be one of the realizations of the authentic self, or making one’s issues conscious where they were once unconscious. By dealing with these issues, one reveals the true self residing underneath the once unconscious issue. Music therapy can therefore be seen as sharing the same goals as the Jungian model of psychotherapy and musical preference, using music to express unconscious or inexpressible emotions (McClary 2007). Pavlov’s behavioural concept of classical conditioning suggests that a preferred song or piece, if paired with a neutral product will produce a positive, or negative association between the two stimuli (Zander 2006). So, when a positive piece of music is amalgamated with positive object, the result will be posiitiive or depending how the client perceives it. The concept of music and its therapeutic effects are dated eons of years back, its gaining the limelight lately for 10-20 years in the field of health and in specific for learning diabilities. Though many children are termed as slow learners, but the prevalent cases are not much reported in specific. The former Lahore High Court judge and noted women’s and child rights activistNasiraIqbal stated that 1. 8 million Pakistanis had learning disabilities, of which 0. 5 million lived in urban and 1. 3 million in rural areas. (The Express Tribune, 2013). Importance of music . Plato has beautifully described music as â€Å"Music is a moral law. It gives soul to the universe, wings to the mind, and life to everything. Without music, life would be an error. † Music is a way of life. It brings calmness in the mood. Not only humans, but birds, animals are capable to understand the melodies. I believe music plays an integral part in a child’s growth. it gives a sense of upliftment and binds the children altogether. The department of education, UK, also agrees to it that music plays a pivotal role in the development of children. Children’s participation in music connects children, boosting their self esteem, and gets the most out of their improvement in education and not merely in music. (Department of Education, 2011) Many Researches have exhibited a direct relation between music and improvement in reading abilities in children It illustrates that children who were guided with a certain type of music instruction had better skills of comprehending the reading material as compared to those who were not given instructions. (Department of Education, 2011) Straum (n. d. ) states that music can be used as a tool to encourage human development in cognitive, learning, perceptual, motor, social and emotional development. (Sze Yu, 2004) The impact of music therapy: Music therapy is a way to connect to one’s emotional side as well to increase memory and attention span. â€Å"It aids to achieve individual ambitions in assistance with a licensed professional. † (American Music Therapy Association, 2007). It is a nonverbal and verbal processing along with physical activities (e. g. Playing instruments) for expressing feelings by provoking unconscious psyche of an individual. (Erkkilà ¤ et al, 2011 Malchiodi2005). Today music has gained significant recognitionin many different clinical settings and is playing an important part in the field of learning disabilities (Dimond 1998), especially with people who have severe and profound disabilities. (SavarimuthuBunnell, 2002) In my opinion, the positive points of music therapy are unlimited and it’s currently being used in different health sectors. According to Dastgheib et al. , 2013, studies have reported many benefits of music therapy in managing different diseases, particularly in disorders related to the central nervous system. Widespread research has studied the impact of music on the brain and its role in neural cell growth. The process of music interpretation in the human brain is very similar to that of language processing. Indeed, many language areas overlap with those of music. Music can offer people with learning disabilities an environment in which they can develop and expand their social, cognitive and physical skills and improve their life (MacDonald et al. 1999) and in which they can learn to build a sound rapport with others and enjoy healthy behaviour (Alvin Warwick 1994). Personally, I believe in order toavail benefits from the therapy, clients needs to be motivated and requires to take part in therapy to the fullest. The mentioned authors also agrees to my view point. Both the involvement of Bunnell (1997) and Holford (1999) with clients with learning disabilities suggests that active participation can make music therapy more interesting and successful. They believe that clients should be encouraged to participate in music making as it promotes self-esteem and confidence. Music integration provides children with concrete, hands-on experiences that are essential to developing each The child’s ability to reason, think, solve problems, analyze, evaluate, and to enhancing creativity (Houchens, 1983). Music has a direct effect on speech and communication portion of the brain. It assists in differentiating sounds. Also, it has a major effect in communicating information and in budding an understanding of language patterns. in regard to cognitive and academic, music helps in generating and memorizing mnemonics to teach specific academic information such as a address, telephone number etc . music therapy also have a positive impact in the progress of hand-eye coordination and gross and fine motor skills by playing an instrument. In the social sector, music therapy is proved to be a motivating agent. It instills the concept of group work and each group member contribute an idea or word to a song in song writing. In this manner , music is being utilized to create a bonding where the child can enhance their self-esteem with other peers. (The music therapy center of California, 2005) On the other hand, musical intervention may have a negative impact on clients. One example is when the client is attached to a particular piece of music and rejects what the facilitator offers. Another example is when a client displaysinappropriatebehaviour, which does not allow the aims and objectives of the musical intervention to be met, and which hinders therapeuticcontact with the facilitator (Schalkwijk 1994). Insuch cases, music based interventions should beceased, but reintroduced at a later phasewhen the client is receptive to collaborate with the facilitator. The age and culture of clients are key factors, which needs to be considered for their choice of music may differ. Past experiences can also be set off by specific music where clients may feel distress. Evidence also suggests that music associated with violent lyrics such as ‘heavy metal’ can have a negative impact on clients (McCraty et al. 1998). Strategies/Recommendations There are certain interventions that must be done at all three levels, i. e. local, national and international level to cater different domains of learning by applying music therapy and achieve progress. As a student nurse and responsible citizen of society, it is my duty to help and guide people in the effective use of music therapy in dealing with people with learning disabilities. Firstly, it is essential to devise a method whereby it is possible to measure small changes which can be tailored to each individual (Oldfield Adams 1995). This would help to detect very small changes in behaviour. Secondly, it is also important to accept that change may take a long time to occur so the facilitator must not lose hope and discontinue the intervention. Difficulty can also arise when observing and interpreting the response of clients to sound or music (Alvin Warwick 1994). This exercise may become easier after a few sessions with the clients where the responses are identified and understo od. This can be done by teaching individuals or families in particular schools, colleges and university, hospital for instance, in Maa Ayesha; music therapy is being used for children with learning disabilities. While at national and international levels, attention should be given on providing awareness to people regarding the use of music therapy. People should be encouraged to listen and learn music. Furthermore, different courses for music therapies should be introduced at institutional level and certain policies could be made to enhance the productivity and benefits from the therapy. at the governmental level, music therapist career option and courses could be out. . According to Fatima (2013), clinical Psychologist Qudsia Mahmoud states that the Pakistani population lacks the awareness about the significance of music therapy. Fatima (2013) cited Mr. Sohail Khan as he had established Music therapy center in Karachi, Pakistan and has widely worked on â€Å"The Prism Project, A M ultidimensional Approach to Music in Education†. The field of music is vital and holds its own importance, yet it remains unexplored in Psychotherapy. Music and art plays a pivotal role in shaping children’s lives, especially those with learning disabilities. There is a very close knitted affiliation between music therapy and the recovery of children with learning disabilities. There is an urgent need to initiate music therapies in hospitals in Pakistan, to enhance understanding of these professional caretakers to help patients overcome the disabilities in a fun and learning environment. Also, there is a need to include it nursing education, as foremost priority, as being a nurse who is in close contact with patients’ needs to know about therapies in order to enhance the productivity of patients and help them in recovery at a faster pace. References Barksdale, A. (2003). Music therapy and leisure for persons with disabilities (1st ed. ). Champaign, IL: Sagamore Pub. Bushra Fatima, B. F. , 1st December, 2013. Health Music Therapy – What is it and How to get it  in? Blush, retrieved from: http://blush. com. pk/music-therapy-in-pakistan Cathy. A. Malchiodi, C. A. M. , (2005). History, Theory, and Practice. In: Cathy A. Malchiodi (Ed), Expressive Therapies. 1st Ed. New York: Guilford Publications. Pp. 1-15. Darren Henley, D. H. , (2012). The importance of music: A national plan for music education. 1st ed. England Dastgheib, S. , Riyassi, M. , Anvari, M. , Niknejad, H. , Hoseini, M. , Rajati, M. , Ghasemi, M. (2013). Music Training Program: A Method Based on Language Development and Principles of Neuroscience to Optimize Speech and Language Skills in Hearing-Impaired Children. Iranian Journal Of Otorhinolaryngology, 25(71), 91. David Butler, D. B. , (01 October 1982). Music Theory, Theories of Music, and Systematic Musicology. Journal of the collage music society. 22, pp. 1-15, Retrieved from: http://symposium. music. org/index. php?option=com_k2view=itemid=1933:music-theory-theories-of-music-and-systematic-musicologyItemid=124 Department of Education, . (2011). The Importance of Music A National Plan for Music Education. Crown. Freilich, R. , Shechtman, Z. (2010). The contribution of art therapy to the social, emotional, and academic adjustment of children with learning disabilities. The Arts In Psychotherapy, 37(2), 97-105. doi:10. 1016/j. aip. 2010. 02. 003 JaakkoErkkilà ¤, J. K. , Marko Punkanen, M. P. , Jà ¶rgFachner, J. F. , EsaAla-Ruona, E. A. R. , Inga Pà ¶ntià ¶, I. P. , Mari Tervaniemi, M. T. , MaunoVanhala M. V. , Christian Gold C. G. , (2011). Individual music therapy for depression: randomized controlled trial. The British journal of Psychiatry. 199, pp. 132-139 Savarimuthu, D. , Bunnell, T. (2002). The effects of music on clients with learning disabilities: a literature review. Complementary Therapies In Nursing And Midwifery, 8(3), 160-165. doi:10. 1054/ctnm. 2001. 0629 Shafron, G. (2010). The Science and Psychology Behind Music and Emotion. Journal Of Young Investigators. Sze, S. , Yu, S. (2004). Effect of music therapy on children with learning disabilities. In Proceedings of the 8th international on music perception and cognition. Austraila: Adelaide. The music therapy center of California. (2005). Retrieved 29 August 2014, from http://www. themusictherapycenter. com/. . . /factsheets/mtcca_learningdisabilities. www. musictherapy. org, . (2007). American Music Therapy Association. Retrieved from http://www. musictherapy. org/assets/1/7/bib_psychopathology. pdf. The Express Tribune, . (2013). Dyslexia. Retrieved from: http://tribune. com. pk/story/578452/workshop-1-8-million-affected-by-learning-disabilities/

Ethnographic Methods in Qualitative Research

Ethnographic Methods in Qualitative Research Firstly, this essay outlines a definition of both qualitative and ethnography methods. It will then explain how four articles of qualitative research have used the ethnographic method. It will discuss each article then compare and contrast them. Finally, the essay will look at a critical analysis of ethnography by linking the articles to the data written. They are as follows: Impact of financial incentives on clinical autonomy and internal motivation in primary care: ethnographic study is article one; Assessing the promise of user involvement in health service development: ethnographic study is article two; Receptionist input to quality and safety in repeat prescribing in UK general practice: ethnographic case study is article three; and Role of ethnographic research for assessing behavior of employees during cleaning and sanitation in food preparation areas is article four. And finally, it will look at different perspectives on ethnography such as feminist and postmodernist. Qualitative research collects data that usually diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, unstructured interviews and unstructured observations (Jamshed, 2004). This kind of research is hard to measure. It includes things such as eye colour or characteristics of something that are obtained by in-depth research through collecting rich data. Therefore, qualitative research can be described, rather than measurable data (quantitative) (Patton and Cochran, 2002). Ethnography is used to represent the study of realism through knowledge and experiences, and the understanding of human behaviour, and in addition It consists of debates on the emergence of todays society. Max Weber definition embraces the explanation and understanding by using the interpretive understanding of social action, where interpretivism is subjective meaning to social action. Schutz (1962) suggest it is observation on the experiences of everyday lives (Schutz, 1962, p. 59 cited in Bryman, 2008, p.16). Ethnography is a study of observation and interviews, and developing an understanding of the society and individuals behaviour. According to Sarsby (1984) every field is different and it is being at the right place at the right time (Bryman, 2008, p. 401) and building a relationship with partcipants. Article one is a study that was done using observations and interviews. The research explores the attitudes and patterns of behaviour of the staff. The researchers had interviews that were both formal and informal conversations with most of the staff. To get the details it was requested that the partcipants described their job roles. They were asked what their views were on how it affected their jobs with new contracts (MacDonald, 2007). The methods they used were interviews and observations of involvement within the practice. They stated that the data of these methods helped to compare the behaviour of the staff (MacDonald, 2007). With the interviews, they transcribed and coded to recognise the developing areas. They conversed with the research team frequently to assess expectations and also to categorise ways for more study (MacDonald, 2007). There are limitations to this study, as the researchers conducted insignificant samples and there were no views from the staff within the practices. Besides that, they found that they could not observe the motivation of the staff. This is because it might delay observations of their behaviour and the writing up of their findings (MacDonald, 2007). The research shows the early stages and there is a need for further research (MacDonald, 2007). The outline of the study where the structural deviations linked with the implementation of the quality and outcomes has shown the ways that doctors and staff relate to each other. In addition, it shows the difficulty in predicting the long-term costs of the changes (MacDonald, 2007). Article two used participants observations and interviews, and collections of documentary evidence. It was led by professionals that determined the areas that needed improvement where partcipants users could take part (Fudge, 2008). It was hard to identify the effect on the services. Indeed, the study highlighted there was further knowledge of the personal gains for the staff who were involved (Fudge, 2008). By doing this research it gave increased knowledge about strokes and the services available for patients and specialists, and administrative staff (Fudge, 2008). There was not much evidence of direct user involvement of improving quality of services. In addition, there a lack of skilled staff was noticed (Fudge, 2008). The study has limitations because the programme is not directly generalisable to modernisation. Another limitation was that the study was only carried out two years of the three years that was predicted. It only provided part of the study where the user involvement continues to progress (Fudge, 2008). One strength of this research is that, by using the ethnography method, they are able to include participant observations. They can see what the staff actually do instead of what they say (Fudge, 2008). The objective of the research in article three was to describe, explore and to compare organisational routines for repeat prescriptions in doctors surgeries. (Swinglehurst, 2011). The investigation involved mapping the prescribing service by building on a rich description of the organisational doctors surgeries, and also connecting them through combination reports on the repeat prescriptions (Swinglehurst, 2011). The research showed that the receptionists and administrative staff regarded themselves responsible to the patients when repeating prescriptions. It requires a high degree of modifying and the decision of receptionists where there is a need for an updated study for patient protection (Swinglehurst, 2011). It was found by researchers that the doctors were oblivious of the input of their receptionists and administrative staff, indeed, within the article there was no information in the policy documents and previous research. However, the staff were occasionally criticised for n ot getting work done and their indirect ways of safeguarding patients (Swinglehurst, 2011). The research discovered the relationship and pressures of the work they do daily, and to find ways of the issues within the surgeries, and to find a better way for the procedure of repeat prescriptions. They found their research was bigger than any other UK practice. Furthermore, the willingness of the staff being observed could have replicated features of the practice. This is common when observing, as using electronic patient records are combined with pharmacy systems (Swinglehurst, 2011). Article four is a study that observes and undertakes interviews in the workplace. This is to see how they understand and explore practices of food handling and provide measures for the effectiveness of workplace training. The research shows that the results help to identify areas of improvement, by allowing the progress of training with the right tools. This is where the training is inputted from primary production through to food handling by the consumer (Crandell et al., 2015). This study used an ethnography method to collect the data of employees who did the cleaning and sanitation jobs (Crandell et al., 2015). Many tasks were identified while doing an observation interview procedure (Crandell et al., 2015). The study showed that there was a need for improvement and to provide training and materials, and also to regulate whether the SOP and SSOP procedures were being followed as written and if not, why not? (Crandell et al., 2015). The research found that there is a need for new a nd modified work flow, and with new tools and training (Crandell et al., 2015). The researchers used interviews with open-ended questions to fill the gaps that observations cannot pick up. However, there are limitations with open-ended questions that can give diverse information; the answer could be irrelevant to the research, and also the question can be too complex and the interviewee could lose their way in the interview. Another problem is that the person who is being interviewed could be intimidated by the questions. It can be time consuming and the interviews take a long time to transcribe and code. Strengths of open-ended questions interviews include that they can allow for unlimited possible answers and can be answered in detail. Some findings could be gained that the interviewer had not thought of using before. This essay will now use critical analysis of the ethnography method, and it will discuss the findings within the study. An example of ethnography is the Chicago School of Social Research. Robert Park encouraged students to study and observe the continuous changes of social occurrences of Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s. The research was extensive in areas such as crime and deviance, race relations and urbanism (May, 2001, p.147; Bulmer, 1984a; Kurtz, 1984). It is claimed that the researcher was part of the study in order to get an understanding of changes by participating and recording their experiences (May, 2001, p.148). However, it can be argued that individuals act on principles from their environments. This is because they can understand the actions of individuals who occupy and produce cultures, defined as symbolic and learned aspects of human behaviour. Becker (1979) states that there is a need to recognise the difficulties and concepts in order to determine the information within the study (May, 2001, p148). Ethnography leads to an empathetic understanding of a social setting. Glaser and Strauss (1967) state that it should be related to the behaviour of the study. As the researcher is exposed to each social setting it acts as a control on reaching rushed conclusions (May, 2001, pp. 150-151). It is possible that researchers will omit a whole range of data in order to confirm their own pre-established beliefs, leaving the method open to the charge of bias. Furthermore, the observation of small-scale setting leaves it open to the charge that its findings are local, specific and not generalisable. It therefore lacks external validity. This may be challenged by arguing that the observed social setting is typical, by adopting the perspective of realism and examining the generative mechanisms of human interaction (May, 2001, pp. 170 171, Porter, 1993), or using a variety of data sources (May, 2001, p.171). This essay will now compare the four articles. All articles used an ethnography method with interviews and observations. Article one and two did a small amount of research. It is clear if the study was done over a longer term it would have been more accurate. This is because the researchers would have rich and more detailed data. Article two is an example of this statement. It was smaller than the researchers predicted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ they only researched for two years instead of the three years they predicted. Article one had no mention of the views from the staff and in article three the doctors were unaware of what administrative staff do within the practice. However, they were often asked what they have done within the day. Article four used open-ended questions to fill in the gaps that observation could not identify. However, it can be argued that the questions can be complex and all the answers are not recorded. The first research only used a small group of researchers; the study does not show the views and the outcomes of observation in the study. There were many consequences and it was difficult to recognise the impact of the services. The research found that there is a lack of technical knowledge. However, other studies have shown it helps with the running of the surgery. The third undertook an investigation by charting the services to build a rich description. It showed it is essential for quality and services on repeat prescriptions. Also, it highlights the work that the receptionists and administrative staff do in the background. Indeed, teamwork is essential for patient safety. Finally, the fourth study identifies areas of improvement and training with the right tools. The study evaluates the cleaning process of working with food. Documents were observed and identified the need for improvements in employee training with the right tools, and training for improvement. This kind of research has proved to be first-rate and it seems to be an ideal way to study. Even though there are differences among areas of study, it has delivered an in-depth collection of data. It also often determines more research that needs to done. There are limitations too; time is an issue for ethnographic studies and there are costs with doing full in-depth research. Another example would be funding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to do an in-depth research will cost money to do. It will be cheaper to do a survey then an investigation over a long time. However, the main challenge would be acceptance from the people they are studying. They need to be accepted in the area of a study to get the best results. The progress is important to find out the key informants to conduct this kind of research. This is because they would undertake regular reviews and the researchers need to have a good rapport with them. When conducting research participant observation involves looking and listening. The objective is to see individuals in their usual background; the investigator should not interrupt the setting. Blending into the background is usually recommended. However, it can be impossible, for example, when observing in a classroom will be out of place. This can result in an artificial setting (Taylor et al., 1995, p621). However, it can be difficult to observe sometimes a participant observer and interviewers are unclear because researchers usually write up the days finding on the day while they are still fresh in their minds. However, even d oing it on the same day information can be left out due to the fact that the researcher cannot remember everything that has be spoken in the interview. Feminist approach suggests that issues concerning women are often overlooked. Looking through the feminist lens they believe that it is how we think, such as what is the truth and what is false, (epistemology) and it is the reflection of the researcher understanding of what is fact(ontology). According to Marcus (1992) realist ethnographers believe in coherence, community, historical determination and structure (Skeggs, Nd, p.431). In addition, there is a reality out there which can be discovered and identified.(Skeggs,Nd, p.431). Marcus also suggest that it is the question of who or what controls and defines the identity of individuals, social groups, nations and cultures (Skeggs, Nd, p.431). http://reinhardmeyers.uni-muenster.de/docs/Postmodernism5.htm Postmodernists ethnographers focuses on the pressures of issues of globalisation, and the movement of people, and the everyday relations of the world (Weiss and Wesley, Nd). Therefore, different perspectives see ethnography in a different way, and also do their study in various differences of their research. They argue that the nature of knowledge has changed to a new radical theories. The theory of knowledge (epistemology) claims that the truth can be discovered by the use of the correct techniques. In addition, it used to evaluate what is true and what is not, however, postmodernist believe it is possible to rule out the knowledge as being untrue (har Hol, yr, pp. 904/5). In conclusion, this essay has looked at how qualitative research and ethnography methods are used in four different articles. It has sought to identify similarities and differences of using ethnography within research. All four used ethnography with observation and interviews. In the studies, they all highlighted that there is a need for further research and training is needed in all areas of these works of research. Each work of research was done in different areas; however, they have similar aspects in what they covered. However, they have used the study in different ways. It has shown that, when using the qualitative research and ethnographic method, there are strengths and weaknesses. Before starting the research, these have to be examined before deciding on what method to use. By looking at different views on ethnography, it highlights that they look at it in different perspectives of the work of ethnography method.

A Midsummer Nights Dream: Book Report :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare is a Athenian comedy. Some of the characters are fairies, kings, queens, and even lower class people. It is apparent what time period this story is from, because of some of the things that Theseus, the duke of Athens, and Oberon, the king of the fairies, say in it. One of these such quotes from Theseus is, â€Å" Go, Master of Revels. Stir up the Athenian youth to merriments, awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth, and all of Athens shall celebrate.† Yet another quote talking about the Athenians is spoken by Oberon, â€Å"A sweet Athenian lady is in love with a disdainful youth. You will know him by the Athenian garments that he wears.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this story the lower class people are called mechanics. Before this story many people may have thought a mechanic could only be some who worked on cars for a living. Boy, were they ever wrong. The mechanics in this story are far to dumb to ever work on anything. They even manage to turn a Greek tragedy into a comedy, because of their lack of acting skills. One such character is Bottom, a line that he has to say is suppose to be serious and sad, but he turns it into something funny because of the way he says and acts it. â€Å" Thus die I, thus, thus, thus. Now I am dead. I die, die, die, die, die,† and yet he does not die for quite some time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some changes that the characters made through out the play were quite interesting. Puck, a kind of evil fairy, plays a trick on his queen Tatania. He changes Bottom, a mechanical, into a donkey and makes Tatania fall in madly in love with him. After a little while he decides to let her see what she was actually in love with and she starts to scream. It’s quite amusing that a fairy could be so evil. In all the other stories that are ever read make fairies out to be nice things that grant wishes and such. Who would ever think that they would play crewel tricks on people like that. Puck also puts a type of love potion in the eyes of Lysander and Demetreuis to make them fall in love with Helena instead of Hermia. Which also a evil plan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book was very interesting to read. There are some very interesting things to be learned from this book.

Lime Disease Essay example -- essays research papers

Lime Disease   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is a tick-borne spirochete. The dangers of this disease became more publicised in 1977, where a geographic grouping of children in Lyme, Conneticut were thought to have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis1. Soon after, it was discovered that lyme disease was an illness that mainly affects the skin, nervous system, heart, and joints. The borrelia species is part of the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes. Containted within a protoplasmic cylinder is a cell membrane, followed by wavy flagella, and then an outer membrane. The genes encoded within the outer membrane are located on plasmids which allows the organism to make antigenic changes in these proteins. When a borrelia cell attaches to its host, the whole outer membrane moves to one end of the cylinder, which is called capping to patching1. B. burgdorferi do not live in water, soil, or plants. Borrelia grow slowly compared to most bacteria. They elongate for 12 to 24 hours before dividing into two cells. B. burgdorferi is approximately 20 to um long and 0.2 to 0.25 um wide, with 7 to 11 flagella. More than 30 proteins are contained within B. burgdorferi1. This bacteria uses white-footed mice, mosquitoes, and deer as their hosts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This disease does not discriminate between sex and age; male and female, as well as old and young are affected. It is widely distributed around the world in the temperate zones3. A person is infected when a black-legged tick imbeds itself into them while out in the open in wodded and forested areas. This usually occurs between the months of May and July. Tick abundance is associated with humidity, temperature, landscape slope, forested areas with sandy soils, and the extremity of residential development?.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generally, lyme disease occurs in stages, which are not always clear-cut; they may overlap. The first stage involves the injection of B. burgdorferi by the tick. Shortly thereafter (3 days to 4 months), it spreads throughout the skin, causing erythema migrans (EM), which is basically a skin lesion. This lesion can vary in size, body site, color, duration, intensity, and recurrence. Erythema migrans is a marker of the disease, yet may also be absent altogether. EM resolves spontaneously in a few weeks or months4. Also like to occu... ...itive skills in children who have been treated for lyme disease using antibiotics. It seems likely that the lyme disease spirochete can cause an adverse fetal outcome. However, the question is, how likely and just what are the outcomes, which is what I would like to test for. My proposed study will be an experimental study in which lyme disease treated pediatric populations will be examined to identify possible cognitive or psychologic abnormalities resulting from lyme disease. The focus will be on children because they have a high incidence of lyme disease? and are less likely to have cognitive deterioration due to confounding factors, such as aging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children between the ages of 5 and 15 who have been treated with lyme disease will be studied. These children will be randomly chosen for endemic areas such as Delaware. Serologic testing (ie. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa; ELISA) will be used to determine the presence of B. burgdorferi antibodies. The following hypotheses will be tested: Ho: No cognitive differences between lyme disease children and control group HA: Cognitive differences between lyme disease children and control group are present.

History of the Trumpet Essay

Trumpets are one of the oldest instruments. In ancient times, people used animal horns or shells like a trumpet. It was first used for signaling in ancient China (2000 BC), Egypt (1500 BC), and Scandinavia (1000 BC). It was long and had no valves. In Roman times, the trumpet was played at military and civilian ceremonies. The first musical use of the trumpet was in the late 1300’s where it had acquired the folded shape similar to today’s. In the 1500’s, Nuremberg, Germany became the center of trumpet making. During that time, the first music for trumpets was written. In the late 1700’s, the trumpet became a regular member of the orchestra. Short pieces of tubing called ‘crooks’ were invented and used to lengthen or shorten the trumpet so it could play more notes. In the 17th to 18th century, trumpets were mostly in the key of D of C for courtly purposes and E flat or F in the military. The valve trumpet was invented in 1815, making crooks unnecessary. Today, trumpets are usually played in orchestras, jazz bands, brass ensembles, popular music and bands. Different sized trumpets have different pitches and are used in different musical groups. Most trumpets in bands are in the key of B flat major. Historically, trumpets were used for many different things but music was not thought of until the late 1300’s. Louis Armstrong , born in 1901 and died in 1971, was a trumpet player. He was one of the most famous and influential trumpet player in Jazz history. Many people thought he was the greatest jazz cornet and trumpet player in the world. He was born in New Orleans and he learned to play the trumpet while serving a sentence for delinquency in the Home for Coloured Waifs. Dizzy Gillespie, born in 1917 and died in 1993, was also a trumpet player. He was an American trumpet player, composer, and band leader. Dizzy Gillespie’s real name is John Birks Gillespie. He was born in Cheraw, South Carolina. Dizzy co founded the bebop jazz movement with Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk. I have chosen a recording to listen to, from a CD called Trumpets in Modern Jazz. It is called ‘Kush’ and the performer is Dizzy Gillespie. I chose this recording because I knew Dizzy Gillespie was famous and I wanted to hear how he played the trumpet and to see if he really is as good as everyone says. Trumpets may be loud and annoying sometimes but they have survived through the years so treat trumpets with respect and it might let out the best music in the world.

Anime Business Plan

Exam 2 1. How a clearly defined vision helps a business A. Vision produces direction – companies who spell out the vision for their company focus everyone’s attention on the future and detail the path a business will take B. Vision determines decision C. Vision motivates people- a clear vision excites and ignites people to action D. Vision allows for perseverance in the face of adversity. 2. Define strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats a.Strength- are positive internal factors that inhabit a company’s ability to accomplish its missions goals and objects b. Weakness- are negative internal factors that inhibit a company’s ability to accomplish its missions goals and objectives c. Opportunity’s- positive external forces that a firm can exploit to accomplish its missions goals and objectives. d. Threats- are negative external factors that inhibit a company’s ability to achieve its goals and objectives. 3. Three types of competition Direct, Significant competitors, and indirect competitors.Direct Competitors – offer the same products and services Customers often compare prices Deals among these competitors when they shop. Significant Competitors – offer some of the same services or similar products or services Product or service lines overlap but not completely. Indirect – offers same or similar products only in as small number of areas. 4. Three types of strategies- a. Cost leadership- Strives to be the low cost provider relative to its competition in the industry b.Differentiation- A Company seeks to build customer loyalty by positioning its goods or services in a unique or different way. c. Focus (niche) – a strategy in which a company selects one or more market segments, identity’s customer special needs wants & interests & offers them with excellent service designed to meet their needs. 5. Define complete advantage- the aggregation of factors that sets a small business apart fro m its comptetiors and gives it a unique position in the market segments to its competition. 6. Purpose of easibility analysis- a process to determine whether or not an idea can be transformed into a valid business. 7. Elements in 5 forces model- * Rivalry among competitors in the market(strongest force) Barraging power of suppliers to the industry, bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants to the industry, threats of substitute products or services. 8. Definition of business prototyping- a process in which entrepreneurs test their business models on a small scale before committing serious resources to launch a business that might not work. . Three aspects considered in financial feasibility analysis- * Primary research- information that the entrepreneur collects first hand and analyses * Secondary research- information that has already been compiled and is analyzed for use often at a very reasonable cost or sometimes even free. * Focus groups- a market research technique th at involves enlisting a small number of potential customers (usually 8-120) to give an entrepurerure fed back on specific issues about a potential product or service.Or special idea it’s self. 10. Two functions of a business plan- * Guides an entrepreneur by charting the company’s future course of action and devising a strategy for success. * Provides a battery of tools – Mission statements, goals, objectives, market analyses, budgets, financial forecasts, target markets, strategy’s to help entrepreneur lead the company. 11. Most common form of business ownership- Sole proprietorship. 12. Advantages/Disadvantages of sole proprietorship Advantages Simple to create, least costly to being, profit incentive, total decision making authority, No special legal restrictions, easy to discontinue Disadvantages * Unlimited personal responsibility, limited skills & capabilities, feelings of isolation, limited access to capital, lack of continuity in business. 13. Typ es of Corporations – * Domestic- a corporation that does business in the state it was founded in. * Foreign – a company doing business in a state other that where it was founded. Alien – a corporation found in another country but doing business in the U. S * Closely held – a corporation whose shares are controlled by a relatively small number of people Family elatives friends Employees. * Publicly Held – A corporation who has a large number of stock holders usually traded on the stock exchange. 14. Advantagesdisadvantages of corporations- Advantages – Limited liability of stock holders, ablitlty to attract capital , ability to continue indefinitely, Transferable ownership.Disadvantages – Cost and time involved in the incorporation process, double tax, and potential for diminished managerial incentive, legal requirements and regulatory red tape, potential loss of control by founders. 15. Types of partnerships – General Partnersh ip – Partners who share in owning a business and who have unlimited personal liability for partners dept. Limited Partnership – Partners, who make financial investments and partnership, do not take on an active role in managing a business, and whose liability is limited to amount invested. 16.Define Franchising – A system of distribution in which semi-independent business owners pay fees and royalties to a parent company in return for the right to become identified with its trademark, to sell its products or services and often to use its business format and system. 17. Benefits of Franchise – A business system that is proven , manager training and support, brand name appeal, standardized quality of gods and services, national advertising program, financial assistance, proven produces and business formats, combined buying power site selection and territory protecting, greater chance of success. 8. Three types of franchise * Trade name – involves a b rand name without distributing particular products exclusively under the franchiser name * Product Distribution – Involves a franchises licensing a franchisee to sell specific products under the franchisors brand name and trademark though a selective limited distribution network. * Pure – involves providing the franchisee with a complete business format. 19.Definition of piggy back franchise- a method of franchising in which two or more franchises team up to sell complimentary products or services under one roof. 20. Multiple unit Franchising – a method in which a franchiser opens more than one unit in a broad territory with in a specific time period. 21. Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD) – a document that every franchisor is required by law to give potential franchisees before any offer or sale of a franchise outlines 23 important pieces of information. 2. Advantages /Disadvantages of buying an existing business – * Advantages – a success ful business may continue to be successful a successful business may already have the best location employees and suppliers are already established, equipment is already installed and productive capacity is known inventory is in place and tide credit is established new business owners hit the ground running. Disadvantages – It’s a looser the previous owner may have created ill will Employees inherited with the business may not be sustainable the locating is unstable equipment and facility’s may be obsolete change and innovation may be hard to implement inventory may be out of date or obsolete account receivables may be less that face value business may be overpriced. 23. Steps to acquiring a business the right way. a. Analyst your skills and ability’s b. Prepare a list of potential candidates c. Investigate and evaluate candidate business to find the best one d. Explore financing options . Ensure smooth transition by communication with employs. 24. Acquir ing procedures – * Identify and approach candidate * Sign the nondisclosure statement * Sign letter of intent * Buyers due diligence investigation * Draft the purchase agreement * Close the final deal * Begin the transition 25. 5 Ps of negotiation * Preparation – examine the needs of both parties * Poise – Remain calm during the negotiation. * Patience – don’t be in such a hurry * Persuasiveness- know what most important positions are articulate them. * Persistence – don’t give in a first sign of resistance to your position.